往生歷程中音聲與影像感知之動態建構與破除：以諾那華藏精舍的中陰共修法會為例

劉延芳。〈往生歷程中音聲與影像感知之動態建構與破除：以諾那華藏精舍的中陰共修法會為例〉。《民俗曲藝》215(2022.3): 85-127。

Liou Yanfang. “Dynamically Constructing and Destroying the Perception of Sounds and Images in the Process of Departing: The Case Study of the Intermediate-State Ritual of Nona Hwatsang Center.” Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore 215(2022.3): 85-127.

 

Abstract

 

佛教傳入西藏後，在地化並吸納不同宗教文化元素，之後，當藏傳佛教傳向不同國家地區時，再次融合當地的風俗與信仰，產生差異形態的藏傳佛教。本文的研究對象為藏傳佛教寧瑪派傳承的諾那華藏精舍，結合漢傳佛教的教義與藏傳佛教的方法、漢人的宗教活動形態，為亡者所定期舉行的中陰共修法會。過往學界對於助念儀式的研究，著重於討論宗教思想和臨終關懷。本文探討此中陰共修法會，如何在儀式中透過三時的音聲與影像的「蜷曲」，動態地建構與破除中陰時期的感知。

此中陰共修法會的特點在於，藉由播放已故上師們影片，由具有高度的權威性的上師，執行宗教功能，並以影片模擬權威性的經典中，所指引的中陰階段的音聲與影像，使其化為實際。此外，居士群體以音聲引領亡者以「一心三觀」的角度，動態地感知中陰的音聲與影像，以有助於自力解脫。再者，本研究採用吉爾•德勒茲（Gilles Deleuze）的影像理論架構，探討在個別的生命時序中，各要素與業力相互作用，動態建構個人性的差別感知。然而，最終，亡者應體悟教法所欲建構的佛性的集體感知，產生破除個人性的差別感知，往生淨土之效。

After Buddhism was transmitted to Tibet, it became localized and absorbed various religious and cultural elements. Subsequently, when Tibetan Buddhism was transmitted to different countries and regions, it again became fused with local customs and beliefs, to form diverse types of Tibetan Buddhism. The object of this research is the Intermediate-state ritual regularly held for the deceased at Nona Hwatsang Center which belongs to the rNying ma lineage, which combines Chinese Buddhist doctrines with Tibetan Buddhist methods, and incorporates the form of religious activity of Han people. Past research on the Chanting-Service Ritual focuses on discussing religious thought and hospice care. This paper discusses how the perception is dynamically constructed and destroyed during the intermediate state by “incurving” the three-time sound and images in the ritual.

The distinctive part of the Intermediate-state ritual is the gurus with high authority performing religious functions through playing the dead gurus’ videos. The videos are used to imitate and present the sounds and images so that they might be heard and seen during the intermediate state, as instructed by the authoritative scriptures. In addition, the lay group guides the deceased’s consciousness to dynamically perceive the sounds and images from the perspective of the Threefold Contemplation for self-liberating. Furthermore, in this research, Gilles Deleuze’s theoretical structure of images is adopted to discuss the individual perceptions constructed dynamically through the interaction among various elements and karma during an individual’s life. However, the deceased should realize the common perception of Buddha nature, which is constructed in Buddhist doctrines and has the effect of destroying the individual perceptions, and the mind’s journey to the Pure Land.