張琬容。〈明清二形人的情慾困境與宗教解脫〉。《民俗曲藝》215(2022.3): 43-83。
Zhang Wanrong. “Erotic
Dilemma and Religious Salvation of Erxing Ren in the Ming and Qing
Dynasties.” Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore 215(2022.3): 43-83.
Abstract
「二形人」是中國古代對於雙性人的稱呼，即同時具有兩種性別外形的人。他們作為第三性別，很難在傳統宗族婚姻制度中找到自己的位置，面對身體與情慾的困境，他們或秘密與婦女私通，或出家尋求宗教解脫。本文先考察二形人的術語，簡要回顧明代以前關於二形人的論說，討論明清文本對於二形人的解釋與分類，描述「值男即女，值女即男」和「半月為男，半月為女」兩種二形人，進而展現他們的特殊身體狀態所帶來的性慾困境，世人對其性道德與性能力的想像，以及他們的通姦與性犯罪。最後集中考察二形人的出家問題，二形人能否出家受戒，出家修行的果報，以及二形人出家之後以尼姑身分為掩護的通姦現象。本文希望藉助佛教經律、文人筆記、通俗小說、刑案記錄等多種文本瞭解明清社會對於二形人的認知，窺見這一時期二形人的情慾困境與宗教解脫。
Erxing ren is an ancient Chinese term for intersex persons, who have the
appearance of both sexes. As the third gender, they had difficulty finding their place in the traditional clan
marriage system. Faced with the dilemma of physical and erotic desire, they
either secretly fornicated with women or became monks to seek religious
salvation. This article first examines the term of the erxing ren, briefly reviews the relevant discourse before the Ming
dynasty, discusses the interpretation and classification
in Ming and Qing texts, and describes the two types: “being female with a man,
and being male with a woman” and “half-moon is male, half-moon is female,” and
further shows the sexual predicament brought about by their special physical
state, the imagination of their sexual morality and sexual ability, as well as
their adultery and sexual crimes. Finally, this article focuses on the issue of
religion, the possibility and the
consequences of becoming a nun, and the adultery under the guise of the
identity of a nun. The article hopes to illustrate the perceptions of erxing ren in Ming and Qing societies
through various texts such as Buddhist sutras, literati notes, and popular fictions, and to look into the erotic dilemmas and
the religious salvation of erxing ren
during that period.