黃萍瑛。〈從祖先到神明：近二十年來一個村落女神的文化建構〉。《民俗曲藝》224 (2024.6): 91-139。
Huang Ping-ying. “From Ancestor to Deity: The Cultural Construction of a Chinese Village Goddess during the Past Two Decades.” Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore 224 (2024.6): 91-139.
Abstract
中國大陸1978年改革開放後，民間社會的空間逐漸寬闊。自上世紀80年代以來，鄉村一些宗族陸續復興修建祠堂、編纂族譜或修祖墳，廟會活動也日漸復甦。然此所謂的復興並非刻版的重現，而是伴隨社會變遷進行一系列的創造。福建長汀嚴婆田為一林氏單姓村落，2000年左右展開宗族文化的復興，其在村民固有的「婆太（女祖先）崇拜」習俗基礎上，與村名「嚴婆田」穿鑿附會，進而創造出「嚴婆」（女神）。嚴婆不僅被納入族譜，也載入地方志書，甚至以「汀州客家嚴婆信俗」列入市級非物質文化遺產。目前，除極少數村幹部或地方精英，絕大多數村民對於嚴婆幾乎毫無所悉，然隨着時間的推移，等懂得老祖宗故事的老人們凋零後情況應會有所不同。
本文以嚴婆田為研究個案，說明這個林姓村落在宗族與村落文化復興的過程中，如何創造嚴婆成為宗族文化傳統。文章架構方面，首先，敘述嚴婆田村的概況；其次，說明嚴婆此一新創造傳統的內容；此外，描繪村民如何認識或接觸嚴婆這個新傳統；最後，將透過歷史文獻資料，輔以筆者的田野調查，試圖分析嚴婆如何因應社會變遷而被創造的脈絡，希望藉由個案的梳理與分析，說明大陸改革開放後，閩西一個客家宗族村落近二十年來的宗族文化復興與創造情形。
After the reform era began in 1978, space for civil
society gradually expanded in China. Since the 1980s, some rural lineages have
revived construction of ancestral halls, compiled genealogies, or repaired
ancestral graves, while temple activities have also gradually resumed. However,
this so-called revival is not a stereotyped reproduction but a series of
creations accompanied by social changes. One example of this phenomenon may be
found in Yanpotian Village in Changting, Fujian, a single-surname lineage
village inhabited by members of the Lin lineage. Around 2000, this village
initiated the “revival” of lineage culture. Building on villagers’ customary
practice of “Potai (female ancestor) worship,” it associated this with the
village name “Yanpotian” and created a goddess known as “Yanpo.” This goddess
was not only included in the Lin genealogy but also recorded in local
chronicles and even listed as city-level intangible cultural heritage under the
title “Hakka Yanpo Customs in Tingzhou.” However, apart from a very small
number of village cadres or local elites, the vast majority of villagers know
almost nothing about Yanpo. However, with the passage of time, as elder
villagers who know stories about their ancestors diminish, the situation is
expected to change.
This article is based on a case study of Yanpotian,
explaining how this village, in the process of rebuilding its lineage and
reviving local culture, created Yanpo as a lineage cultural tradition. In terms
of structure, it first gives an overview of Yanpotian Village and then explains
the contents of this newly created Yanpo tradition. In addition, it shows how
villagers come to know of or encounter this new tradition. Finally, through
historical documents and the author’s field investigations, it attempts to
analyze the contexts in which Yanpo was created in response to social changes.
The article’s goal is to illustrate, through the analysis of this case study,
the processes of revival and creation of lineage culture in a Hakka ancestral
village in Western Fujian during the past two decades.
Also in Journal
of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore:
黃萍瑛。〈結「結」與「解」結：鹿港「送肉粽」儀式的探討〉。《民俗曲藝》203 (2019.3): 163-97。
Huang Ping-ying.
“Knotting and Untying 'Knots': Preliminary Considerations on the 'Sending
off Meat Dumplings' Ritual in
https://ritualtheatreandfolkloreat.blogspot.com/2019/04/blog-post.html
黃萍瑛。〈當代埔里鸞生的宗教生活：以育化堂女鸞為考察中心〉。《民俗曲藝》184 (2014.6): 279-334。
Huang Ping-ying.
“The Religious Life of Contemporary Female Disciples of the
http://ritualtheatreandfolkloreat.blogspot.tw/2014/08/blog-post_27.html
黃萍瑛。〈「接珠」唸佛風俗之性別文化初探：以閩西寧化石壁陳家村為例〉。《民俗曲藝》162 (2008.12): 23-83。
Huang
Ping-ying. “A Preliminary Investigation of Gender Culture as Seen in the
'Receiving the Rosary' Rituals as Performed in Chen Village, Shibi Town,
Ninghua County.” Journal of Chinese
Ritual, Theatre and Folklore 162 (2008.12): 23-83.
http://ritualtheatreandfolkloreat.blogspot.tw/2015/11/blog-post_7.html