徐天基、羅丹。〈當代冀東南民間教派的儀式專家：以經卷為中心的研究〉。《民俗曲藝》222 (2023.12): 187-229。
Xu Tianji and Luo Dan. “The Ritual Experts of Contemporary Popular Religious Sects in Southeast Hebei: A Study Centered on Scriptures.” Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore 222 (2023.12): 187-229.
Abstract
明清以來，冀東南地區的民間教派林立，教門文化是鄉村社會宗教生活的底色。無生老母創世與救劫為教門文化提供了宇宙觀基礎，懷抱無字真經登法船赴金城是這種神話和信仰的終極關懷。功果圓滿是能否認祖歸鄉的根本，功和功果形成了一套道德經濟系統。功分內外，內功相當於道德貨幣。外功類似於通貨，需要通過利他行為獲取，從外功到功果的轉換，原理類似於通貨與資產間的轉換。
冀東南現存大量民間經卷，它們是明清以降各教派經卷的雜糅，廣泛流布在表功師傅群體中。表功師傅有文武之分，作為明清以來當地教派傳統的繼承人與實踐者，通過「表功」儀式從事著功╱功果的轉換。他們同時是功果的修行者，打坐、誦經、跑功、朝山用於修持內功，看事行好、做會、送亡用以累積外功。功╱功果轉化的禮物經濟系統為這些儀式實踐提供了基礎框架，而教派文化的劫變觀是該系統的神聖來源。
本文通過對冀東南地區表功師傅的經卷、信仰及儀式實踐的研究，拓展地方宗教研究中對民間儀式專家的認知，試圖回應一個根本性的問題：地方宗教生活的內在邏輯和理性如何在教派宗教脈絡中體現？
Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, many popular
religious sects have flourished in southeast Hebei, with sectarian culture
constituting a core feature of the sociocultural life this area’s rural
society. The belief in the Eternal Venerable Mother 無生老母 as the creator and savior of the world provides a cosmological
foundation to sectarian culture. Ultimately, it is believed, sectarian members
would hold the wuzi zhenjing 無字真經 (wordless true scripture)
in their arms, board the jinchuan 金船 (golden boat), and sail to
the Jincheng 金城 (golden fortress). Merit and the perfection of achievements
determined according to a moral economic system is the key to reaching
Jincheng, with merit classified as neigong 內功 and waigong 外功: the former is equal to
moral money, while the latter resembles moral currency that needs to be acquired
through altruistic behavior. The conversion mechanism from gong 功to gongguo 功果 is similar to the
conversion between currency and assets.
There are a large number of folk scriptures in
southeast Hebei, which are a mixture of works produced by various sects during
the Ming and Qing dynasties. These texts have spread widely among groups of
merit-delivering masters (biaogong shifu 表功師傅). As inheritors of these late imperial sectarian traditions,
merit-delivering masters can be divided into civil (wen 文) and martial (wu 武) types, with both
practicing the ritual of merit conversion. Merit-delivering masters also act as
practitioners of gongguo: accumulating neigong via meditation,
chanting, pilgrimage, and paogong 跑功; and acquiring waigong
by doing good deeds, making offerings, and performing the songwang 送亡 ritual under the framework of the “gift-economy” system of the gong/gongguo
transformation.
This article, through a study of the scriptures,
beliefs, and rituals of southeast Hebei’s merit-delivering masters, enhances
our knowledge of popular ritual experts in studies of local religion. It asks
and answers a fundamental question: How does the inner logic and reasoning of
local religious life thrive within the context of sectarian religion?