王堯。〈流動的神譜：以山西洪洞五道將軍為個案〉。《民俗曲藝》222 (2023.12): 231-85。
Wang Yao. “The Fluid Pantheon in Local Religion: A Case Study of the General of the Five Paths in Hongdong, Shanxi Province.” Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore 222 (2023.12): 231-85.
Abstract
五道將軍起源甚早，自唐以來見諸傳世和出土文獻，信仰樣貌頗顯雜糅。宋元以後五道將軍在民間漸趨普遍，職能多為向陰司報送消息、溝通陰陽兩界，護佑、禳災、驅邪，是村落的守護之神。目前所見文獻和田野調查的五道將軍（大神）多指向一位神靈，且均顯示出與冥府的關聯。與此不同的是，筆者在山西洪洞發現，五道將軍通常被認為是五位來歷不同的神靈，在儀式中最活躍的是火龍將軍。山西洪洞的五道將軍分化為多位不同身分的神靈，並且通過口頭傳統和儀式與本土的神靈體系建構了深厚的關聯，其原先轄理五道輪迴或冥司之職已淡出信眾記憶。本文將全力剖析民眾發明這一信仰傳統的外在因素和心理機制。
The cult of the General of the Five Paths (Wudao jiangjun) in China can be dated back to the early medieval period, with its complicated and varied iconography recorded in documents since the Tang dynasty. This deity became highly popular, and was worshiped both as an underworld bureaucratic deity as well as a tutelary god in villages. In documents and ethnography, the General (or the Great God) of the Five Paths almost always refers to one single deity connected with the underworld bureaucracy. However, in Hongdong, Shanxi province, the General of the Five Paths has transformed into five different deities, the most prominent of which is the General of the Fire Dragon (Huolong jiangjun). These five deities have also established a close relationship with the Hongdong pantheon through oral traditions and rituals, and as a result their links to the five paths of reincarnation and underworld authority have largely been forgotten by local believers. This paper seeks to re-appraise the external factors and psychological mechanisms of the local commoners who invented this popular belief.