楊春宇。〈維新時代的「脫魂術」：近代雲南遊冥類鸞書中的文體、技術和劫運觀〉。《民俗曲藝》221 (2023.9): 137-86。
Yang Chunyu. “Ecstatic Journeys for an Era of Renewal: Genres, Techniques and Views of the Kalpa in the Phoenix Books on Touring the Underworld from Modern Yunnan.” Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore 221 (2023.9): 137-86.
Abstract
1840年興起於川東的「飛鸞救劫」運動在1850年代傳入雲南之後，各地善壇興起了著作鸞書的熱潮。在乩鸞和降像等附體類通神技巧之外，遊冥術作為一種脫魂術，推動了遊冥故事與善惡案證兩類文體進一步融合，促成了長篇遊冥類鸞書的出現。這類鸞書以《洞冥寶記》為代表，將冒險故事與神仙訓諭、善惡案證結合在一起，獲得了前所未有的文字表現力。本文通過梳理在當地搜集的宗教文獻，追溯這類鸞書在雲南的發展，從中可以看到善壇在各個不同時期的社會關注和危機感。從清末的紅白旗戰爭到民國的抗日戰爭再到1949年後的現代化，善壇在一個不斷更新的世界中持續發出自己的聲音，以「上、中、下三元」的劫運觀集中表達對時代的判斷。他們一面堅守宗教使命，一面也在不斷自我調適，顯示出民間宗教的強韌生命力。
After the “Salvation by the flying phoenix”
spirit-writing movement, which emerged in eastern Sichuan during the 1840s,
spread to Yunnan during the 1850s, there was a boom in the production of
“phoenix books” (spirit-writing books) at local “benevolence altars”
(spirit-writing halls). In addition to possession-type trance techniques such
as spirit-writing and descending via a medium, the ecstatic type (i.e.,
visiting another world) promoted the further convergence of two traditional
genres known as “stories of touring the other world” and “stories testifying
about retribution”, which in turn led to the emergence of full-length phoenix
books about touring the other world. This type of phoenix book is represented
by Dongming baoji (1925), which combined adventure tales with divine
edicts and stories testifying about retribution to form an ecstatic type of
spirit-writing that featured unprecedented capabilities of literary
expressiveness. This paper traces the development of this kind of phoenix book
in Yunnan by sorting through religious literature collected in local areas,
from which we can learn about social concerns and a sense of crisis at
benevolence altars during different time periods. From the late Qing War of Red
and White Flags, to the War of Resistance against Japan (1937–1945), to
modernization after 1949, benevolence altars have continued to struggle to make
their voices heard in an ever-renewing world, expressing their judgment of the
times based on the “upper, middle, and lower primordial” view of the kalpa.
These groups were committed to their religious mission on the one hand, while
adapting themselves constantly to a changing world on the other. Therefore,
benevolence altars in Yunnan demonstrate the strong vitality of popular
religion.