宋元以來王江涇的商業、移民與地方信仰

王健。〈宋元以來王江涇的商業、移民與地方信仰〉。《民俗曲藝》204 (2019.6): 21-49。

Wang Jian. “Commerce, Migration and Local Beliefs in Wangjiangjing District (Northern Zhejiang) since the Song and Yuan Dynasties.” Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore 204 (2019.6): 21-49.

Abstract

江南地區比較大規模的開發始於唐五代，地處浙北平原的王江涇地區，隨着經濟的初步發展和外來移民的進入，從這一時期開始，佛道信仰逐漸在當地生根，並有部分家族利用佛寺、道觀營造自身家祠，同時藉以規避租賦的現象發生。總體而言，當時各類佛寺、道觀的分布是比較分散的。進至明清，以絲綢生產和貿易為主業的王江涇鎮駸駸而起，成為區域內的經濟中心，一方面，王江涇鎮地方信仰的構成及分布與市鎮經濟的高度發達相適應，佛道信仰亦日益世俗化，與地方家族的關係也逐漸弱化，但另一方面也有部分佛寺、道觀較好地保持了自身傳統。太平天國戰爭後，王江涇鎮一蹶不振，特別是西部鎮區逐漸退化為鄉村，這同樣在地方信仰的變遷上得到了反映。與此同時，由於戰爭的影響，江南人口結構發生巨大變化，導致該地區一些神明的信仰基礎隨之產生變動，而網船會在運河以東的興起實際上正是這一變動最為顯著的表徵。

The large-scale development of the Jiangnan region began during the late Tang and Five Dynasties, including in the Wangjiangjing District of northern Zhejiang. As migration and economic growth proceeded apace, Buddhism and Daoism became increasingly popular in Wangjiangjing, with some families operating Buddhist and Daoist temples as ancestral halls while also reducing their tax burden. At that time, many different types of Buddhist and Daoist sacred sites were scattered throughout the area. By the Ming and Qing dynasties, silk production and trade were thriving, with Wangjiangjing becoming one of Jiangnan’s economic centers. As a result, temple cults tended to be concentrated in market towns with high rates of commercial growth. At the same time, however, Buddhism’s and Daoism’s links to local families weakened over time, yet some Buddhist temples were able to preserve their own traditions. After the Taiping War, Wangjiangjing suffered marked decline, with the western market towns in particular degenerating into countryside, changes that also impacted local beliefs. For example, the ravages of war devastated local demographic structures, which in turn disrupted the foundations of some temple cults. When viewed in this light, the rise of festivals known as Wangchuanhui along the eastern bank of the Grand Canal seems particularly striking.