船與岸：東太湖流域民間信仰中的兩種傳統

朱明川。〈船與岸：東太湖流域民間信仰中的兩種傳統〉。《民俗曲藝》204 (2019.6): 147-95。

Zhu Mingchuan. “Boatmen and Land-based Residents: Two Popular Religious Traditions in the Eastern Lake Tai Basin.” Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore 204 (2019.6): 147-95.

Abstract

本文關注當代東太湖流域的民間信仰。作為「船上人」，小船漁民與岸上居民之間歷來存在着隔閡，二者的宗教實踐是截然不同的。在當代江南地區，這二種宗教傳統正在建立聯繫，並相互影響。本文觀察的正是這一過程。本文從廟宇入手，首先討論漁民的「聖地」在江南地方廟宇系統中的位置，分析同一廟宇中，漁民與鄉鎮居民這二大不同信仰群體的不同儀式；之後，對廟宇中供奉的神像、畫像進行分析，關注近年來漁民和鄉鎮居民在宗教觀念方面的相互影響，漁民借鑒了地方廟宇中的神像形制，而鄉鎮居民則開始模仿漁民為早夭者修建神像的行為；最後探討在當代信仰復興的時代背景下，此二群體在廟宇復建和管理方面的參與。本文的資料來源主要是通過對東太湖流域數個典型廟宇的長期調查，結合口述史資料，以及地方志、碑刻等文獻，展現東太湖流域的小船漁民（「船上人」）與當地的鄉鎮居民（「岸上人」）在信仰生活中所扮演的不同角色，及二者之間的互動。

This paper focuses on two forms of religious life in the Eastern Lake Tai Basin. In this area, the practices of small-boat fishermen known as “boatmen” (chuanshangren 船上人) and land-based residents are quite different due to gaps in the living conditions between these two groups. However, in this part of the Jiangnan region today, their religious traditions have begun to connect and interact with each other. Based on the study of local temples, this paper discusses the status of fishermen’s sacred sites within local temple networks in this region, and analyzes the diverse rites both fishermen and land residents perform in the same temple. Next, the paper explores the reciprocal relations of these two groups’ belief systems by scrutinizing the statues and portraits enshrined in their temples, and draws the tentative conclusion that fishermen are learning configurations of statues from land residents’ temples, while land residents are beginning to imitate fishermen in terms of building statues for those who die young. In addition, the paper describes how these two groups are taking part in the Eastern Lake Tai Basin’s religious revival by participating in the reconstruction and management of temples. The sources used for this paper derive from long-term investigations of several typical temples in the Eastern Tai Lake Basin, combining oral histories, local gazetteers, stele inscriptions and other documents, with the data demonstrating the different roles that fishermen and land-based residents play in preserving their religious traditions while interacting with each other.