世界文化遺產中的人物：馬六甲找鄭和

謝世忠。〈世界文化遺產中的人物：馬六甲找鄭和〉。《民俗曲藝》171 (2011.3): 211-51。

Hsieh Shih-chung. “On a Special Historic Figure in World Cultural Heritage: Searching for Cheng Ho in Melaka.” Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore 171 (2011.3): 211-51. 

Abstract

2008年7月7日馬六甲成為世界文化遺產。十五世紀大航海家鄭和曾登陸當地八回。過去三十年，甲市曾發生鄭和舊像遺失、華人三寶山祖墳區面臨鏟平、以及巨大新像歸向困難等三大事。馬六甲荷蘭紅屋係觀光必至之地。紅屋區在馬六甲河東岸，在商業考量之下，西岸越來越多屋舍也配紅成體。東西兩岸分別有一公立的「鄭和文物紀念廊」與一私人的「鄭和文化館」。廊與館皆在世遺推薦指定產區內。前者外圍紅屋，眾人攝影留念，卻常錯過鄭和廊的展示；後者位於熱門觀光位置，附近還有小食、茶館、客棧等關係企業。此些營業單位可合稱為「鄭和世遺『網絡』」，而紅屋旁內紀念廊加上山與亭，或即是「鄭和世遺網『落』」。甲市的鄭和故事，全係來自河東「三寶山鄭和網絡」，它們基本上與河西「『鄭和』集團網絡」無甚關係，因此，後者或可稱之「孤鳥鄭和網絡」。它在商業上有所得意，但卻與在地鄭和傳統隔閡。不過，放入了世界遺產因子，反而見著孤鳥鄭和集團充分運用聲名資源，在實際觀光效益上，顯然佔了上風。三寶山也就難以「聖地」之姿，創造出朝聖觀光風潮。「網絡」終究成了「網『落』」；聖地不僅不再為勝地，更極易惡化為「剩地」。剩下來的，卻多只看到越來越搶到鋒頭的河西網絡作用成果。

Melaka, the port city of Malaysia, was recognized as a world cultural heritage (WCH) on July 7, 2008. Cheng Ho, one of the greatest navigators in the world, had visited this place eight times in the 15th century. In the past three decades, several unhappy events occurred. First of all an old statue of Cheng Ho in the temple had been stolen in the 80s; the government had a plan to re-develope Mt. San-pao, the most important graveyard of Chinese immigrants almost at the same time, but people found no place to house a newly-manufactured huge stone statue in the 90s. The red statehouse located on the eastern bank of the Melaka River is a “must see” classic Netherlands building for tourists, but more and more houses and stores on the western bank were painted red under commercial considerations. A “Cheng Ho WCH network” had been established by a private Cheng Ho Cultural Museum in western bank whose aim was for business. On the other hand, a situation of “Cheng Ho WCH net-losing” on the eastern side arose because of neglect among most of the Chinese residents. This particular enterprise in western bank fully takes advantage of WCH as a key base for exaggerating Cheng Ho’s position in relation to the business itself. Even though the network operated by the CHCM is separated from the orthodox network consisting by Mt. San-pao, Pao-shan Temple, old and new Cheng Ho statues, and a public Gallery of Admiral Cheng Ho opened in 2004, the former is getting more benefits through commercial success, and the latter has been becoming a net-losing due to unwelcoming attitude from Malay’s Islamic ideology and inattention of Chinese community. In the long run both the mountain and the temple have lost their opportunity to become sacred sites by means of tourism of WCH. Now they are likely to be marginal as tourist sites in Melaka.

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