潘曾沂的信仰與生活世界：兼論清中葉江南的居士佛教

邵佳德。〈潘曾沂的信仰與生活世界：兼論清中葉江南的居士佛教〉。《民俗曲藝》204 (2019.6): 99-145。

Shao Jiade. “The Religious and Living Worlds of the Jiangnan Philanthropist Pan Zengyi, with Further References to Lay Buddhism during the Mid-Qing.” Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore 204 (2019.6): 99-145.

Abstract

吳縣大阜潘氏是清代江南的望族，因其科第連綿和行善積德在地方上聲名顯赫。潘氏家族中的潘曾沂早年交遊廣闊、積極進仕，中年屢試不第、辭官退居，從此行善鄉里、一心念佛，成為遠近聞名的善人和居士。潘曾沂及其族人常年浸淫於江南僧俗的佛教網絡之中，與清中葉江南地區重要的學佛士人交流密切，而對同鄉二林居士彭紹升尤為欽慕。本文由考察潘曾沂及其家族的信仰與生活世界逐層展開，進一步討論佛教在江南士人的個人和公共生活中扮演的角色，並通過潘氏在江南居士佛教網絡中的「在場」與「缺位」，嘗試反思「居士佛教」譜系構建中的缺陷。「居士」概念的標籤化使其不囿於經典原義而為所用者自由界定，潘曾沂的身分特徵未被利用導致其在佛教史傳中缺席。但他在整個江南佛教網絡和公共事務中的積極參與使其在地方社會和民眾記憶中始終在場。潘氏作為固有「士林佛學」和「居士佛教」譜系之外的案例，很好地展示了清中葉江南佛教在基層社會發展中的生命力和影響力。

The Dafu Pan family of Wu County was one of the most prominent lineages in the Jiangnan region during the Qing dynasty, earning renown for its members’ success in the civil examination system and their charitable deeds. One leading member of this lineage, Pan Zengyi, made a wide range of friends and strove to enter the gentry in his early years, but, having failed to pass the jinshi exams, he ceased working as an official and returned to his hometown, where he became a well-known philanthropist and Buddhist layman. Pan and his clansmen were deeply immersed in Jiangnan’s Buddhist networks, and interacted closely with important lay Buddhists of that region like Peng Shaosheng, who was a fellow townsman. This article takes the religious and living worlds of Pan Zengyi as a means of considering the role of Buddhism in both the personal and public lives of Jiangnan literati during the mid-Qing. In addition, based on Pan’s “absence” and “presence” in these local religious networks, we can also reassess conceptual flaws in constructions of lay Buddhist history. The transformation of the term jushi into a label caused it to be used in ways that differed from its original meaning, which in turn led to the absence of Pan in some lay Buddhist genealogies. However, Pan’s presence was clearly felt in local society and the memories of its inhabitants due to his active participation in Buddhist networks and public affairs. Therefore, the case of Pan Zengyi represents a good example for illustrating the vitality and influence of Buddhism in mid-Qing Jiangnan society.