張翰璧、白偉權、蔡芬芳。〈信仰與族群關係：以馬來西亞仙四師爺信仰為例〉。《民俗曲藝》214(2021.12): 97-148。
Chang Han-pi, Pek Wee Chuen, and Tsai Fen-fang. “Religion and Ethnic Relations: The Cult
of Sin Si Sze Ya in Malaysia.” Journal
of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore 214(2021.12): 97-148.
Abstract
惠州客家華人於十九世紀大量被引入馬來西亞開採錫礦，主要集中在森美蘭州、雪蘭莪州。在開採錫礦的同時，移民需要心靈力量與精神寄託，再加上在異鄉開發過程中，不同幫群與會黨之間的械鬥，仙四師爺信仰因而產生。該信仰並非由中國原鄉帶到馬來半島，而是鑲嵌在馬來半島的歷史與社會發展過程之中。現今西馬地區的錫礦客家帶並非在殖民前就存在，而是在長時間當中，人（客家內部、客家與其他族群）—地（沿山地帶、錫礦產地）交互作用下的區域化（客家聚落、信仰分布、產業發展與特有族群：原住民、馬來人、印度人、華人內部的方言群等互動模式、都市化程度等）過程，成為族群互動的生活實踐空間。十九世紀因錫礦產業而產生的仙四師爺信仰，經過時代變遷，產生不同類型的在地化現象，其意義不僅在於呈現客家╱華人在移民海外後的文化多樣化與在地化的過程，更有助於了解國家脈絡下馬來西亞社會發展與族群互動關係。本文將在上述的歷史脈絡下，以產業變遷為基礎、宗教在地化為過程，勾勒錫礦客家帶中信仰與族群互動間的關係。
During the nineteenth century, Hakka of Huizhou 惠州
descent were recruited to mine tin ore in Malaysia, with tin mining
concentrated in the Negeri Sembilan and Selangor regions. Due to numerous difficulties encountered during processes of migration,
including harsh physical labor as well as internal quarrels plus feuding among
fellow Chinese, these Hakka migrants needed spiritual support. Such
circumstances led to the growth of a cult to local heroes known as Sin Si Sze
Ya 仙四師爺. One notable aspect of these beliefs is that migrants did not
bring them along from China;
instead, they grew out of and became embedded in Malaysia’s history and social
development. The current Hakka belt of tin ore in West
Malaysia did not exist before British colonization, but
subsequently evolved into a living space of ethnic interactions. This resulted
from long-term processes of regionalization (Hakka settlement, spread of
religious beliefs, economic development plus interactions among different
ethnic groups, urbanization, etc.) that featured a wide range of peoples (different
subgroups of Hakka plus other ethnic groups) and places (hillside areas, tin
mining regions, etc.). Such regionalization led to the cult of Sin Si Sze Ya
expanding in various forms of localization due to the vicissitudes of history
that render cultural diversity and localization processes among Hakka migrants
more visible, and enable us to better comprehend social developments and ethnic
relations in Malaysia.
Based on historical factors such as economic development and religious
localization, this study maps the relationship between religious beliefs and
ethnic interactions.