從「以箏托腔」到「器寫人聲」：論河南箏樂對曲劇音樂之吸收與借鑑

張儷瓊。〈從「以箏托腔」到「器寫人聲」：論河南箏樂對曲劇音樂之吸收與借鑑〉。《民俗曲藝》170 (2010.12): 177-231。

Chang Li-chiung. “From Accompaniment to Vocal Imitation: The Adaptation and Application of Quju Music in Henan Zheng Music.” Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore 170 (2010.12): 177-231.

Abstract

河南箏樂的發展與河南曲劇有密切的關連，歷史上許多河南箏樂曲目都建立在戲曲唱腔及曲牌的素材基礎上。本文以河南箏樂對曲劇音樂的吸收及素材應用為題，申論此類箏樂作品的形式與內容。文中針對現有箏樂作品與戲曲原始唱腔進行交叉分析與檢視，討論曲體結構、樂句布局、演奏技法與樂音型態，從而深入河南箏樂的文本來源、樂彙特徵、風格素質等諸多面相的探討。

綜觀曲劇音樂與河南箏樂的淵源脈絡，古箏由初期的樂隊伴奏階段 —「以箏托腔」，發展到後期的素材借鑑—「器寫人聲」，戲曲音樂器樂化的過程，所利用的便是器樂多變的音色、寬闊的音域、豐富的演奏技法、大幅的力度變化、速度與節奏的配置等各種表現方法，進而發展出河南箏樂濃厚的地方戲曲音樂特質與風格，孕育出河南箏樂力度強勁、對比鮮明、作韻豐富、音響層次多樣的風貌。具體而言，這個唱腔箏樂化的過程，不只是曲劇音樂文化的延伸，更是河南古箏音樂風格養成的關鍵性因素。

There is a close relationship between Henan zheng music and Henan local theatrical music, quju. Many pieces of the Henan zheng music are based on the quju singing and its melody. This article aims to investigate the form and content of Henan zheng music to see how they are influenced by those of quju. The pattern of quju music, its melodies, techniques and stylistic features are discussed to demonstrate the close relationship between Henan zheng music and Henan local theatrical music.

Several existing Henan zheng works are discussed in this article. Analysis and comparison are carried out to reveal their fundamental musical forms, structures, melodic phrases, and playing techniques. Many Henan zheng musical works are mainly based on the adaptation of material from quju. During the early age, zheng was one of the accompaniment instruments of quju. It played the melodies from quju and imitated the singing.

The process of instrumentalization is all about the use of the variable musical features and the wide-range gamut of zheng, its richness in playing techniques, its drastic change in intensity and its coordination of speed and rhythm. It brings the stylistic features of Henan quju music to zheng music, namely the powerful strength, colorful contrast, rich ornamentation and the gradation of acoustic performance. It is not only an extension of Henan theatrical music, but also a key factor of Henan zheng musical style.