韋飛歐、黃家信。〈采借與創造：廣西環岑王老山瑤族墳墓立碑的禮俗研究〉。《民俗曲藝》230 (2025.12): 79–128。
Wei Feiou and Huang Jiaxin. “Borrowing and Creating: A Study of Yao Tombstone Erection Rituals in the Cenwanglaoshan Region of Guangxi.” Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore 230 (2025.12): 79–128.
Abstract
廣西環岑王老山地區是一個壯、漢、瑤多民族雜居地區，在長期的歷史進程中，這裡有盤古、藍靛、背隴和木柄四個瑤族支系定居。民族雜居的格局為瑤族與漢族、壯族的文化交往和民族交融提供了社會空間。當地漢族和壯族具有悠久的墳墓立碑傳統；瑤族受祖先崇拜觀念的影響，廿世紀末通過文化采借開始興起立碑習俗。瑤族墓碑的類型有「招魂立碑」、「問卦立碑」、「定製生碑」三種。問卦立碑是最普遍的一種，瑤族因家宅不安、受祖先「托夢」而去問卦，或主動為已逝祖先問卦擇期立碑；盤古瑤創造了「想像的墳墓」，形成為無屍骨、葬地不詳的祖先進行招魂安葬和立墓碑的習俗；藍靛瑤、背隴瑤出現提前定製生碑的行為。瑤族的立碑習俗保留了較多的文化傳統，墓碑文中祖先的姓名使用「法名」，立碑的儀式過程及其科儀文書是對瑤族傳統文化和道教、佛教以及儒家文化的雜糅呈現。為祖墳立碑的禮俗不僅是傳承瑤族傳統宗教文化的載體，同時也是輔助世俗教育、傳遞積極價值觀的新場域。
The Cenwanglaoshan region of Guangxi is home to a multiethnic
population of Zhuang, Han, and Yao peoples. Throughout its history, four Yao
subgroups—the Pangu, Landian, Beilong, and Mubing—have settled in this area,
creating a pattern of coexistence that has long facilitated cultural exchange
and interaction. The Han and Zhuang communities have a longstanding tradition
of erecting tombstones, and beginning in the late twentieth century the Yao
gradually adopted this practice through processes of cultural borrowing
influenced by ancestral worship beliefs.
There are three main types of Yao tombstones: those erected for
calling back the soul (zhaohun libei 招魂立碑), those erected after divination rituals (wengua libei 問卦立碑), and pre-ordered tombstones for the living (dingzhi
shengbei 定製生碑). Among them, divination-based tombstones are the most common,
usually erected when families experience domestic misfortune, receive ancestral
messages in dreams, or actively consult diviners to select auspicious dates.
The Pangu Yao created the concept of “imaginary graves,” performing
soul-summoning and tombstone rituals for ancestors whose remains or burial
sites are unknown, while the Landian and Beilong Yao have developed the
practice of preparing tombstones during their lifetimes.
The Yao tombstone tradition preserves multiple layers of cultural heritage. Epitaphs often use “religious names,” while the accompanying rites and liturgical texts blend Yao traditions with Daoist, Buddhist, and Confucian elements. As a result, tombstone rituals not only serve as a medium for transmitting Yao religious culture but also as a moral space for sustaining communal memories and fostering positive social values.