陳明華。〈「聖地」的塑造：近代青幫組織中的羅教記憶及其空間化〉。《民俗曲藝》222 (2023.12): 97-134。
Chen Minghua. “Shaping the “Holy Land”: Memories of the Luo Sect and its Spatialization in the Development of the Modern Green Gang (Qingbang).” Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore 222 (2023.12): 97-134.
Abstract
杭州北新關、拱宸橋一帶地處京杭大運河的末段區域，明末清初大量信奉羅教的糧船水手麋集於此，他們藉助羅教的儀式框架結成群體。雖然此後羅教迭遭查禁，但這套框架卻一直為水手們沿用，鑲嵌其中的羅教記憶因此得以流傳。隨著晚清社會經濟的變遷，漕運水手大量上岸，其中不乏繼續以羅教元素結成群體，其中即包括青幫的前身「安清道友會」。隨着青幫勢力在清末民初大肆發展，關於羅教的零星記憶逐漸被幫內人士加工成一套本幫起源故事。起源故事的流傳抬升了杭州在青幫敘事中的神聖地位，安清家廟、祖師墓等意象成為道統的重要象徵。抗戰時期，日本勢力出於建立統治秩序之需，試圖通過賦予合法身分整合各種「潛勢力」群體。「中國安清同盟會」等青幫團體即藉此機會公開活動並擴張組織，青幫的起源歷史和各種儀式因有助於塑造群體認同而得到當局重視，杭州也因其特殊地位而被營造成青幫的起源「聖地」。
During the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, many boatmen employed by grain tribute fleets were members of the Luo Sect who often congregated around the Beixin Pass and areas around the Gongchen Bridge at the end of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. Using the ritual framework of the Luo Sect, they formed mutual aid and brotherhood organizations. The Qing authorities outlawed the Luo Sect on several occasions, but the boatmen who followed it continued to use its structure and kept its memory alive. During the late Qing, social and economic changes prompted many boatmen to start going ashore to earn a living, but some continued to form groups based on the elements of the Luo Sect. One of these groups, the Anqing Daoist Friends Society, was the predecessor of the Green Gang (Qingbang). Over time, memories of the Luo Sect were processed into stories about its origin, which raised the status of Hangzhou in the Green Gang’s historical narrative, with the Ancestral Hall of the Green Gang and the patriarch’s tomb becoming symbols of the Luo Sect’s orthodoxy. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Japanese occupying forces attempted to create a sense of order in areas under their control by granting legal status to different groups, including the Chinese Anqing Alliance, and, as part of their efforts to integrate various groups, recognized the history and traditions of the Green Gang. With the help of the government, areas around the Gongchen Bridge in Hangzhou were designated as the original “Holy Land” of the Green Gang.