胡學丞。〈自會黨盟誓到就職宣誓︰近代華人立誓文化的一個側面〉。《民俗曲藝》195 (2017.3): 207-46。
Hu
Hsueh-chen. “From
Secret Society Covenant to Oath of Office: An Aspect of Modern Chinese Oath
Culture.” Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and
Folklore 195 (2017.3): 207-46.
Abstract
自興中會到戰後臺灣的中華民國政府，其立誓文化之發展是近代華人立誓文化的歷史脈絡之一。在這過程中，某些近代政治思想與宣誓制度、基督教元素、會黨元素等等被擷取、綜合成該立誓文化的一部分。民國成立後，主要為了建立近代化政黨與國家，基督教元素與會黨元素日漸淡化，僅剩下些許的殘留，惟隨着民間信仰之孫中山崇拜的產生，部分宣誓者對宣誓之認知包括了華人傳統民間信仰元素。這段發展具體而言有兩點重要變化，其一乃監誓者、見證者先是神、人皆有，民國成立後，再改為獨由人負責；其二為紀年方式，民國成立前多用天運，之後則採用民國紀年。另有兩點特色，一是誓詞上對背誓後果之強調，另一為方式上採舉右手宣誓。又有兩個長期現象，一為有時並未完全依規定嚴格執行宣誓，另一乃宣誓之拘束力頗為有限。值得注意者，此脈絡之立誓文化在發展過程中並非只是單向受到其他脈絡之立誓文化的影響，而是彼此之間互有交涉。
The
development of modern Chinese oath culture can be traced from the Revive China
Society (Xingzhonghui 興中會) to the Republic of China
government in postwar Taiwan. This was the result of a synthesis of modern
political thought and oath-taking systems as well as ritual elements of
Christianity and Chinese secret societies. Following the establishment of the
ROC, the religious facets of modern oath culture gradually declined due to the
formation of modern political parties and the nation-state, with only residual
traces of Christian and secret society practices remaining, yet the advent of
the cult of Sun Yat-sen allowed for the presence of some lingering religious
elements. In terms of the transformation of modern Chinese oaths, it is
possible to identify two specific phenomena. The first was that the beings
charged with witnessing oaths changed from divine to human; the second was how
such oaths were dated, a result of the introduction of a new calendar after the
ROC’s founding. There are two other special features of modern oath culture:
the emphasis on the adverse consequences of oath-breaking and the raising of
the right hand during the ritual. However, people do not always follow the
rules when taking an oath, and such rites do not always exert a strong
restraining force on the oath-taker. The paper concludes by stressing that the
development of modern Chinese oath culture was not the result of one unilateral
process but instead featured interaction between many different elements.